Pythonic Patterns Basics

10 examples to get you started with Pythonic Patterns - 7 basic and 3 intermediate.

Prerequisites

• Python 3.14.0 installed.
• Read import this for the Zen of Python - readability counts.

Basic Examples

1. EAFP Key Lookup

Try the operation; handle KeyError for missing keys.

def get_score(scores: dict[str, int], player: str) -> int:
    try:
        return scores[player]
    except KeyError:
        return 0

• EAFP keeps the happy path unindented.
• Use .get() when a dict default is enough.
• Do not catch overly broad exceptions around simple lookups.

Related: EAFP vs LBYL - when to guard instead

2. Context Manager for Files

Guarantee cleanup with with.

from pathlib import Path
 
path = Path("notes.txt")
path.write_text("hello", encoding="utf-8")
 
with path.open(encoding="utf-8") as f:
    print(f.read())

• Files close even when reading raises.
• Prefer pathlib over manual path strings.
• Specify encoding for text files on all platforms.

Related: Context Managers as a Pattern - custom managers

3. Strategy Dict

Replace if/elif with a registry of callables.

FORMATTERS = {
    "json": lambda data: str(data),
    "upper": lambda data: str(data).upper(),
}
 
def format_value(kind: str, data) -> str:
    return FORMATTERS[kind](data)

• New formats add one dict entry, not another branch.
• Validate keys and raise clear errors for unknown kinds.
• Name functions when logic grows beyond lambdas.

Related: The Strategy & Dispatch Patterns - singledispatch too

4. Factory Function

Hide concrete class choice behind one constructor function.

from dataclasses import dataclass
 
@dataclass
class ConsoleLogger:
    def info(self, msg: str) -> None:
        print(msg)
 
def logger_from_env(debug: bool) -> ConsoleLogger:
    return ConsoleLogger()

• Callers depend on the factory, not import paths of implementations.
• Factories belong at the composition root or next to product types.
• Keep factories free of network side effects.

Related: Factory & Builder Patterns - builders for complex objects

5. Simple Event Bus

Decouple publishers and subscribers with topics.

from collections import defaultdict
 
bus: dict[str, list] = defaultdict(list)
bus["user.created"].append(lambda e, p: print("audit", p))
bus["user.created"][0]("user.created", {"id": 1})

• Subscribers should be fast; offload heavy I/O elsewhere.
• Copy handler lists during emit to avoid mutation bugs.
• Inject a bus object instead of using a global singleton.

Related: Observer & Pub/Sub - production-shaped bus

6. Constructor Injection

Pass dependencies explicitly for testability.

class Greeter:
    def __init__(self, salutation: str) -> None:
        self._salutation = salutation
 
    def greet(self, name: str) -> str:
        return f"{self._salutation}, {name}!"

• Dependencies visible in the constructor signature.
• Tests pass alternate implementations without monkeypatching.
• Avoid constructing I/O clients inside service methods.

Related: Dependency Injection in Python - protocols and wiring

7. Sentinel for Unset Values

Distinguish "not passed" from None.

UNSET = object()
 
def connect(timeout=UNSET):
    if timeout is UNSET:
        timeout = 30.0
    return timeout

• Compare sentinels with is, not ==.
• Document three-state semantics when None is valid data.
• Pydantic models can use model_fields_set instead for APIs.

Related: Null Object & Sentinels - null objects

Intermediate Examples

8. singledispatch Serialization

Add type-specific serializers without editing the core function.

from functools import singledispatch
 
@singledispatch
def to_repr(obj) -> str:
    raise TypeError(type(obj))
 
@to_repr.register(int)
def _(n: int) -> str:
    return f"int:{n}"
 
print(to_repr(42))

• Register new types in new modules for plugin layouts.
• Base function should raise clear TypeError for unsupported types.
• Prefer dict strategies for string-keyed dispatch instead.

Related: The Strategy & Dispatch Patterns - full comparison

9. Fluent Builder with Validation

Assemble a config object step-by-step; validate at build().

class QueryBuilder:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self._filters: list[str] = []
 
    def where(self, clause: str) -> "QueryBuilder":
        self._filters.append(clause)
        return self
 
    def build(self) -> str:
        if not self._filters:
            raise ValueError("need at least one filter")
        return " AND ".join(self._filters)
 
sql = QueryBuilder().where("id > 0").where("active").build()
print(sql)

• Builders suit many optional fields and ordering constraints.
• Return self for chaining; validate invariants once in build().
• Simple dataclasses may replace builders when fields are few.

Related: Factory & Builder Patterns - factory vs builder

10. Null Object Logger

Skip branching when logging is disabled.

class NullLogger:
    def info(self, msg: str) -> None:
        pass
 
def job(logger=NullLogger()):
    logger.info("run")

• Null objects implement the real interface with no-ops.
• Do not use null objects to hide missing required dependencies in production.
• Prefer explicit injection over mutable default instances in libraries.

Related: Common Anti-Patterns - mutable defaults and god objects

External Related Links

• Python Tutorial (Official) - Official beginner-to-intermediate tutorial.
• The Hitchhiker's Guide to Python - Best-practices handbook for installation, configuration, style, and tooling.
• Real Python - In-depth tutorials, courses, and practical guides.
• Fluent Python (2nd Edition, O'Reilly) - Same book on O'Reilly.
• Python Crash Course (Penguin Random House) - Same title via publisher.

Stack versions: This page was written for Python 3.14.0 (stable 3.14, maintenance 3.13), FastAPI 0.115+, Django 5.2, Flask 3.1, Pydantic 2, PyTorch 2.6+, pandas 2.2+, Polars 1.x, ruff 0.9+, and uv 0.6+.