Python Basics

10 examples to get you started with Python fundamentals - 7 basic and 3 intermediate.

Prerequisites

Python 3.14.0 installed (python3 --version).
Optional: create an isolated environment with uv venv or python -m venv .venv before installing packages.

Basic Examples

1. Hello and the REPL

Run Python interactively or as a script.

# hello.py
def main() -> None:
    name = "world"
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

python3 hello.py runs the script; python3 alone opens the REPL.
if __name__ == "__main__" guards code that should run only when executed directly.
Use the REPL to probe APIs before writing a full module.

2. Variables and Dynamic Typing

Names refer to objects; types live on objects, not names.

count = 10          # int
count = "ten"       # now str - legal in Python
items: list[int] = [1, 2, 3]  # optional type hint; runtime still dynamic

Assignment binds a name to an object - it does not declare a fixed type.
Type hints are for static checkers (mypy, pyright), not runtime enforcement.
is tests object identity; == tests value equality.

Related: Variables, Types & Dynamic Typing - reference semantics

3. Numbers and Booleans

Integers are arbitrary precision; floats follow IEEE 754.

big = 10**100
ratio = 1 / 3
truthy = bool("non-empty")  # True
falsy = bool("")            # False

// is floor division; / always returns float in Python 3.
Decimal and Fraction avoid float surprises for money and ratios.
Non-zero numbers and non-empty containers are truthy in if conditions.

Related: Numbers, Booleans & Arithmetic - Decimal and float gotchas

4. Strings and f-strings

Format text with readable inline expressions.

user = "Ada"
score = 98.5
msg = f"{user} scored {score:.1f}%"
escaped = r"C:\new\path"  # raw string - backslashes literal

f-strings evaluate at runtime and support format specs (:.2f, :,).
str is Unicode text; bytes is raw binary - decode explicitly with an encoding.
Triple-quoted strings preserve newlines for docstrings and SQL.

Related: Strings & f-strings - Unicode and bytes

5. Control Flow with if and for

Branch and loop with Python's indentation-based blocks.

values = [1, 2, 3, 4]
evens = []
for n in values:
    if n % 2 == 0:
        evens.append(n)
else:
    print("loop finished")  # runs when loop completes without break

Indentation (4 spaces typical) defines block scope - no braces.
for iterates any iterable, not just lists.
else on a for loop runs only if the loop did not break.

Related: Control Flow - match/case and while

6. match / case (Structural Pattern Matching)

Match on shape, not just value (Python 3.10+).

def describe(value: object) -> str:
    match value:
        case int(n) if n < 0:
            return "negative int"
        case int(n):
            return f"int {n}"
        case [first, *rest]:
            return f"list starting with {first}"
        case {"id": int(uid), "name": str(name)}:
            return f"user {uid}: {name}"
        case _:
            return "something else"

Patterns can destructure lists, dicts, and objects.
case _ is the wildcard fallback.
Prefer match when branching on structure; use if/elif for simple booleans.

Related: Control Flow - full match guide

7. List Comprehension

Build lists declaratively in one expression.

squares = [n * n for n in range(10) if n % 2]
mapping = {name: len(name) for name in ["ada", "linus", "guido"]}
unique_lengths = {len(name) for name in ["ada", "linus"]}

Comprehensions are often faster and clearer than manual append loops.
Dict and set comprehensions use {key: val} and {item} syntax respectively.
Use a generator expression (x for x in items) when you only need lazy iteration.

Related: Comprehensions & Generator Expressions - when to prefer generators

Intermediate Examples

8. Functions with Flexible Arguments

Accept positional, keyword, and variadic parameters.

def connect(host: str, port: int = 443, **options: object) -> dict:
    return {"host": host, "port": port, **options}
 
def total(*amounts: float, tax: float = 0.0) -> float:
    return sum(amounts) * (1 + tax)
 
connect("api.example.com", timeout=5, verify=True)
total(10.0, 20.0, tax=0.08)

Parameters after * are keyword-only (tax in total).
**options collects extra keyword arguments into a dict.
Default mutable arguments (=[]) are a common bug - use None and assign inside.

Related: Functions, Args & Scope - LEGB scope rules

9. Modules and Imports

Organize code into reusable modules and packages.

# In myapp/utils.py
def slugify(text: str) -> str:
    return text.lower().replace(" ", "-")
 
# In myapp/main.py
from myapp.utils import slugify
 
print(slugify("Hello World"))

Each .py file is a module; folders with __init__.py (or namespace packages) form packages.
Prefer absolute imports (from myapp.utils import ...) in application code.
Run as a module with python -m myapp.main so imports resolve correctly.

Related: Modules, Imports & Packages - avoiding circular imports

10. Files with pathlib and Context Managers

Read and write files safely with automatic cleanup.

from pathlib import Path
 
config_path = Path("config.json")
config_path.write_text('{"debug": true}', encoding="utf-8")
data = config_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
with Path("log.txt").open("a", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
    fh.write("started\n")

pathlib.Path wraps OS paths with a consistent API.
Always pass encoding="utf-8" for text files on all platforms.
with ensures files close even when an exception occurs.

Related: Files & I/O - binary I/O and encodings

Python Tutorial (Official) - Official beginner-to-intermediate tutorial.
Python.org (Main Site) - Downloads, news, events, community resources.
freeCodeCamp – Scientific Computing with Python - Free structured curriculum with projects.
Python Crash Course (3rd Edition) - Beginner-friendly projects (Eric Matthes).
Automate the Boring Stuff with Python (3rd Edition) - Practical automation (Al Sweigart).

Stack versions: This page was written for Python 3.14.0 (stable 3.14, maintenance 3.13), FastAPI 0.115+, Django 5.2, Flask 3.1, Pydantic 2, PyTorch 2.6+, pandas 2.2+, Polars 1.x, ruff 0.9+, and uv 0.6+.

Prerequisites

Python 3.14.0 installed (python3 --version).
Optional: create an isolated environment with uv venv or python -m venv .venv before installing packages.

Basic Examples

1. Hello and the REPL

Run Python interactively or as a script.

# hello.py
def main() -> None:
    name = "world"
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

python3 hello.py runs the script; python3 alone opens the REPL.
if __name__ == "__main__" guards code that should run only when executed directly.
Use the REPL to probe APIs before writing a full module.

2. Variables and Dynamic Typing

Names refer to objects; types live on objects, not names.

count = 10          # int
count = "ten"       # now str - legal in Python
items: list[int] = [1, 2, 3]  # optional type hint; runtime still dynamic

Assignment binds a name to an object - it does not declare a fixed type.
Type hints are for static checkers (mypy, pyright), not runtime enforcement.
is tests object identity; == tests value equality.

Related: Variables, Types & Dynamic Typing - reference semantics

3. Numbers and Booleans

Integers are arbitrary precision; floats follow IEEE 754.

big = 10**100
ratio = 1 / 3
truthy = bool("non-empty")  # True
falsy = bool("")            # False

// is floor division; / always returns float in Python 3.
Decimal and Fraction avoid float surprises for money and ratios.
Non-zero numbers and non-empty containers are truthy in if conditions.

Related: Numbers, Booleans & Arithmetic - Decimal and float gotchas

4. Strings and f-strings

Format text with readable inline expressions.

user = "Ada"
score = 98.5
msg = f"{user} scored {score:.1f}%"
escaped = r"C:\new\path"  # raw string - backslashes literal

f-strings evaluate at runtime and support format specs (:.2f, :,).
str is Unicode text; bytes is raw binary - decode explicitly with an encoding.
Triple-quoted strings preserve newlines for docstrings and SQL.

Related: Strings & f-strings - Unicode and bytes

5. Control Flow with if and for

Branch and loop with Python's indentation-based blocks.

values = [1, 2, 3, 4]
evens = []
for n in values:
    if n % 2 == 0:
        evens.append(n)
else:
    print("loop finished")  # runs when loop completes without break

Indentation (4 spaces typical) defines block scope - no braces.
for iterates any iterable, not just lists.
else on a for loop runs only if the loop did not break.

Related: Control Flow - match/case and while

6. match / case (Structural Pattern Matching)

Match on shape, not just value (Python 3.10+).

def describe(value: object) -> str:
    match value:
        case int(n) if n < 0:
            return "negative int"
        case int(n):
            return f"int {n}"
        case [first, *rest]:
            return f"list starting with {first}"
        case {"id": int(uid), "name": str(name)}:
            return f"user {uid}: {name}"
        case _:
            return "something else"

Patterns can destructure lists, dicts, and objects.
case _ is the wildcard fallback.
Prefer match when branching on structure; use if/elif for simple booleans.

Related: Control Flow - full match guide

7. List Comprehension

Build lists declaratively in one expression.

squares = [n * n for n in range(10) if n % 2]
mapping = {name: len(name) for name in ["ada", "linus", "guido"]}
unique_lengths = {len(name) for name in ["ada", "linus"]}

Comprehensions are often faster and clearer than manual append loops.
Dict and set comprehensions use {key: val} and {item} syntax respectively.
Use a generator expression (x for x in items) when you only need lazy iteration.

Related: Comprehensions & Generator Expressions - when to prefer generators

Intermediate Examples

8. Functions with Flexible Arguments

Accept positional, keyword, and variadic parameters.

def connect(host: str, port: int = 443, **options: object) -> dict:
    return {"host": host, "port": port, **options}
 
def total(*amounts: float, tax: float = 0.0) -> float:
    return sum(amounts) * (1 + tax)
 
connect("api.example.com", timeout=5, verify=True)
total(10.0, 20.0, tax=0.08)

Parameters after * are keyword-only (tax in total).
**options collects extra keyword arguments into a dict.
Default mutable arguments (=[]) are a common bug - use None and assign inside.

Related: Functions, Args & Scope - LEGB scope rules

9. Modules and Imports

Organize code into reusable modules and packages.

# In myapp/utils.py
def slugify(text: str) -> str:
    return text.lower().replace(" ", "-")
 
# In myapp/main.py
from myapp.utils import slugify
 
print(slugify("Hello World"))

Each .py file is a module; folders with __init__.py (or namespace packages) form packages.
Prefer absolute imports (from myapp.utils import ...) in application code.
Run as a module with python -m myapp.main so imports resolve correctly.

Related: Modules, Imports & Packages - avoiding circular imports

10. Files with pathlib and Context Managers

Read and write files safely with automatic cleanup.

from pathlib import Path
 
config_path = Path("config.json")
config_path.write_text('{"debug": true}', encoding="utf-8")
data = config_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
with Path("log.txt").open("a", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
    fh.write("started\n")

pathlib.Path wraps OS paths with a consistent API.
Always pass encoding="utf-8" for text files on all platforms.
with ensures files close even when an exception occurs.

Related: Files & I/O - binary I/O and encodings

Python Tutorial (Official) - Official beginner-to-intermediate tutorial.
Python.org (Main Site) - Downloads, news, events, community resources.
freeCodeCamp – Scientific Computing with Python - Free structured curriculum with projects.
Python Crash Course (3rd Edition) - Beginner-friendly projects (Eric Matthes).
Automate the Boring Stuff with Python (3rd Edition) - Practical automation (Al Sweigart).

Stack versions: This page was written for Python 3.14.0 (stable 3.14, maintenance 3.13), FastAPI 0.115+, Django 5.2, Flask 3.1, Pydantic 2, PyTorch 2.6+, pandas 2.2+, Polars 1.x, ruff 0.9+, and uv 0.6+.

Python Basics

Search Documentation

Python Basics